For alternate listings of my publications, see my Google Scholar page or 
orcid.org/0000-0002-2646-0705.
orcid.org/0000-0002-2646-0705.
Publications
Kupilik, M., F. Witmer, and O. Grill (2024). "Bias estimation and downscaling for regional climate models using Gaussian process regression." IEEE Access 12: 118362–118370. Paper available from the publisher
O’Loughlin, J., F. Witmer, and A. Linke (2023). "Michael D. Ward – Finding geography." Section in "Michael D. Ward (1948–2021) and the road to space, networks and geography." K.S. Gleditsch and J. O’Loughlin, Political Geography 100. Paper available from the publisher
Witmer, F., T. Nawrocki and M. Hahn (2022). "Modeling geographic uncertainty in current and future habitat for potential populations of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Alaska." Journal of Medical Entomology 59(3): 976–986. Paper available from the publisher
Free access link
Author Version Supplementary Material
Linke, A., F. Witmer and J. O’Loughlin (2022). "Weather variability and conflict forecasts: Dynamic human-environment interactions in Kenya." Political Geography 92. Paper available from the publisher
Linke, A., F. Witmer and J. O’Loughlin (2020). "Do people accurately report droughts? Comparison of instrument-measured and national survey data in Kenya." Climatic Change 162:1143–1160. Paper available from the publisher
Hahn, M., G. Disler, L. Durden, S. Coburn, W. George, F. Witmer, K. Beckmen, R. Gerlach (2020). "Establishing a baseline for tick surveillance in Alaska: Tick collection records from 1909–2019." Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 11(5). Paper available from the publisher
Nawrocki, T., M. Carlson, J. Osnas, E. Trammell, and F. Witmer (2020). "Regional mapping of species-level continuous foliar cover: beyond categorical vegetation mapping." Ecological Applications 30(4) Paper available from the publisher
Kupilik, M., F. Witmer, E MacLeod, C. Wang and T. Ravens (2019). "Gaussian process regression for Arctic coastal erosion forecasting." IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing 57(3):1256–1264. Paper available from the publisher
Linke, A., F. Witmer, J. O'Loughlin, T. McCabe and J. Tir (2018). "The consequences of relocating in response to drought: Human mobility and conflict in contemporary Kenya." Environmental Research Letters 13(9). Paper available from the publisher
Kupilik, M. and F. Witmer (2018), "Spatio-temporal violent event prediction using Gaussian process regression." Journal of Computational Social Science 1(2):437–51. Paper available from the publisher
Linke, A., F. Witmer, J. O’Loughlin, T. McCabe, and J. Tir (2018). "Drought, local institutional contexts, and support for violence in Kenya." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(7):1544–1578. Paper available from the publisher
Holland, E., F. Witmer and J. O’Loughlin (2017). "The decline and shifting geography of violence in Russia's North Caucasus, 2010–2016." Eurasian Geography and Economics 58(6):613–641. Paper available from the publisher Replication data
Schoen, E. R., Wipfli, M. S., Trammell, E. J., Rinella, D. J., Floyd, A., Grunblatt, J., McCarthy, M., Meyer, B., Morton, J., Powell, J., Prakash, A., Reimer, M. N., Stuefer, S. L., Toniolo, H., Wells, B., and Witmer, F. (2017). "Future of Pacific salmon in the face of environmental change: Lessons from one of the world's remaining productive salmon regions." Fisheries 42(10):538–553. PDF of the paper Final version with supplemental material from the publisher Interactive sliders showing environmental change on the Kenai Peninsula
Williams, P., L. Alessa, J. Abatzoglou, A. Kliskey, F. Witmer, O. Lee, J. Trammell, G. Beaujean, and R. Venema (2017). "Community-based observing networks and systems in the Arctic: Human perceptions of environmental change and instrument-derived data." Regional Environmental Change DOI 10.1007/s10113-017-1220-7. 18(2):547–559. Paper available from the publisher Publicly accessible, view-only version of the paper
Witmer, F., A. Linke, J. O’Loughlin, A. Gettelman, and A. Laing (2017). "Sub-national violent conflict forecasts for sub-Saharan Africa, 2015–2065, using climate-sensitive models." Journal of Peace Research 54(2):175–192. Pre-print available as a PDF here Final version with supplemental material and replication data available from the publisher
Linke, A., F. Witmer, E. Holland, and J. O’Loughlin (2017). "Mountainous terrain and civil wars: Geospatial analysis of conflict dynamics in the post-Soviet Caucasus." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 107(2):520–535. Paper available from the publisher
Linke, A., T. McCabe, J. O’Loughlin, J. Tir, F. Witmer (2015). "Rainfall variability and violence in rural Kenya: Investigating the effects of drought and the role of local institutions with survey data." Global Environmental Change 34:35–47. Paper available as a PDF here
Witmer, F. (2015). "Remote sensing of violent conflict: eyes from above." International Journal of Remote Sensing 36(9):2326–2352. Paper available from the publisher
O’Loughlin, J., A. Linke, and F. Witmer (2014). "The effects of temperature and precipitation variability on the risk of violence in sub-Saharan Africa, 1980–2012." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(47):16712–16717. Paper available from PNAS Replication data
O’Loughlin, J., A. Linke, and F. Witmer (2014). "Modeling and data choices sway conclusions about climate-conflict links" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(6): 2054–2055. Paper available from PNAS
O’Loughlin, J., F. Witmer, A. Linke, A. Laing, A Gettelman, and J. Dudhia (2012). "Climate variability and conflict risk in East Africa, 1990–2009." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(45): 18344–18349. (Top 1% of cited articles in its field according to Web of Science.) Paper available from PNAS Replication data
O’Loughlin, J. and F. Witmer (2012). "The diffusion of violence in the North Caucasus of Russia, 1999–2010." Environment and Planning A 44: 2379–2396. Paper available from the publisher
Linke, A., F. Witmer and J. O’Loughlin (2012). "Space-time Granger analysis of the war in Iraq: A study of coalition and insurgent action-reaction." International Interactions 38(4): 402–425. Paper available as a PDF file.
O’Loughlin, J., E. Holland and F. Witmer (2011). "The changing geography of violence in Russia's North Caucasus, 1999–2011: Regional trends and local dynamics in Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria." Eurasian Geography and Economics 52(5): 596–630. Paper available as a PDF file.
Witmer, F. and J. O’Loughlin (2011). "Detecting the effects of wars in the Caucasus regions of Russia and Georgia using radiometrically normalized DMSP-OLS nighttime lights imagery." GIScience and Remote Sensing 48(4):478–500. Paper available as a PDF file.
John O’Loughlin and Frank Witmer (2011). "The localized geographies of violence in the North Caucasus of Russia, 1999–2007." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 101(1): 178–201. Paper available as a PDF file. Replication data
John O’Loughlin, Frank Witmer, Andrew Linke, and Nancy Thorwardson (2010). "Peering into the fog of war: The geography of the WikiLeaks Afghanistan war logs 2004–2009." Eurasian Geography and Economics 51(4): 472–495. High-resolution PDF (14 MB). Low-resolution PDF (1 MB).
John O’Loughlin, Frank Witmer, and Andrew Linke (2010). "The Afghanistan-Pakistan wars 2008–2009: Micro-geographies, conflict diffusion, and clusters of violence." Eurasian Geography and Economics 51(4): 437–471. High-resolution PDF (17 MB). Low-resolution PDF (3 MB).
Clionadh Raleigh, Frank Witmer and John O’Loughlin (2010). The Spatial Analysis of War. Geographic Contributions to International Studies (The International Studies Encyclopedia) Edited by Colin Flint, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford: 6534–6553. Chapter available as a PDF file.
Frank Witmer and John O’Loughlin (2009). "Satellite data methods and application in the evaluation of war outcomes: Abandoned agricultural land in Bosnia-Herzegovina after the 1992–1995 conflict." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99(5): 1033–1044. Paper available as a PDF file.
Frank Witmer (2008). "Detecting war-induced abandoned agricultural land in northeast Bosnia using multispectral, multitemporal Landsat TM imagery." International Journal of Remote Sensing 29(13): 3805–3831. Paper available as a PDF file.
John O’Loughlin, Alexander Panin and Frank Witmer (2007). "Population change and migration in Stavropol' Kray: The effects of regional conflicts and economic restructuring." Eurasian Geography and Economics 49(2): 249–267. Paper available as a PDF file.
John O’Loughlin, Frank Witmer, Thomas Dickinson, Nancy Thorwardson, and Edward Holland (2007). "Preface to the Caucasus special and map supplement." Eurasian Geography and Economics 49(2): 127–134. Paper available as a PDF file.
John O’Loughlin, Frank Witmer and Valerie Ledwith (2002). "Location and political choice in post-unification Berlin: Explaining the PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism) vote, 1999 and 2001." Eurasian Geography and Economics 43(5), 349–382. Paper available as a PDF file or as a Web page.